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Scarring Scarring can occur when cracks in the slab are not thoroughly cleaned before rolling. Overheating of the slab—especially in chromium stainless steel—can also lead to scarring. Additionally, a high concentration of non-metallic inclusions on the billet surface is another common cause of scarring. Edge Cracks Edge cracks typically result…

After refining and argon blowing outside the furnace, the chemical composition of the steel becomes uniform throughout the ladle. However, after solidification, the chemical composition of a continuous casting billet varies from the center to the surface, and in some cases, the differences can be significant. This non-uniformity in composition…

With the advancement of communication and internet technologies, the intelligence level of steel mills has significantly improved. A variety of automation functions—such as online automatic tracking and monitoring, loading, cutting, sampling, and stacking—have been realized. These developments reduce manual workload, significantly enhance plant efficiency, and ensure better product consistency. Automated…

There are two main casting processes used in the production of steel ingots and billets: die casting and continuous casting. Each process has its own advantages and limitations. Although continuous casting plays a dominant role in modern steel production, die casting remains irreplaceable in certain applications. In the die casting…

Hydrogen energy is considered the most promising clean energy source of the 21st century due to its diverse sources, clean and low-carbon characteristics, high flexibility and efficiency, and wide range of application scenarios. Currently, hydrogen metallurgy mainly includes blast furnace hydrogen-rich smelting and direct hydrogen reduction. In blast furnace hydrogen-rich…

Classification of Residual Elements Residual elements in steel are categorized into three groups based on their oxidation potential: fully retained elements, partially retained elements, and minimally retained elements. Fully retained elements—Cu, Ni, Co, As, W, Mo, Sn, Sb—have a lower oxidation potential than iron. These elements do not participate in…

The high-speed wire rod rolling mill process is highly flexible, equipped with comprehensive control systems, and capable of producing a wide variety of high-quality wire rods. Twist-free finishing mills significantly outperform open-train mills in both production efficiency and product quality. Even at lower speeds, their performance remains superior. High-speed wire…

Rough rolling compresses or stretches the billet, producing workpieces with the required section shape, accurate dimensions, and good surface quality. Typically, the section size of the rolled pieces after rough rolling is greater than or equal to 50 mm. The rough rolling process varies due to differences in raw materials.…